Almost all attempts to decrease the impact of the last-mile go through the carrier. Carriers are asked to consolidate in hubs, use pick-up points, or deliver outside specific time windows to reduce emissions and kilometres in dense urban areas. Yet, the effects of these attempts are somewhat limited. The lack of success is due to a combination of unsustainable business models, a reluctance to collaborate, and a hyper-competitive market. Just for the sake of it, companies are not going to change their optimised operations.

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